The main part of energy transition is to form a new low-carbon energy system with renewable energy playing a leading role. However, due to the variability of renewable energy together with the frequent occurrence of extreme weather, meteorological risks are becoming a key problem during energy transitions. Based on the situation of China, the pathways of China’s low carbon energy transitions are rethought and the transitional schemes toward carbon neutrality are analyzed in this study from the angle of meteorological risks. Measures and policy recommendations for improving risk-resistant ability for meteorological risks are proposed. This study suggests that to ensure the carbon-neutral transitions of the energy system in a safe and reliable way and effectively prevent meteorological risks, the following five measures should be adopted: improving meteorological forecast ability, attaching greater importance to fossil fuels, establishing an intelligent energy transmission system, promoting diversified energy development and making full use of price mechanisms.