The Tarim Basin has generally undergone complex evolution with polycyclic tectonic events, and it has multiple layers of source rocks. It has had multiple periods of hydrocarbon accumulation and reservoir destruction. Mixed oil is common and distal source accumulation systems prevail. As a result, it is difficult to pick up a single-source system to help understand petroleum accumulation. Under the guidance of the meshwork-carpet structural petroleum accumulation model, the structure and transportation system of the Carboniferous in the central Tarim uplift was analyzed. The petroleum accumulation system is formed by two lower unit levels, and each unit has a three layered structure, namely channel-net layer, storage layer and accumulation layer. The conductive system can be divided into 4 classes and 11 types, such as faults, unconformities, connected sands and volcanic rocks. The transportation model has “Y”-shaped, “T”-shaped and “S”-shaped segments. The model of the central Tarim uplift is a typical meshwork-carpet structural petroleum accumulation system, and it provides new ideas for exploration and development of reservoirs.